Endothelin receptors in human parathyroid gland.

We studied whether specific receptors for endothelins (ETs) exist in human parathyroid tissues and whether ETs may have any effect on secretion of PTH from parathyroid cells. Binding studies using [125I]ET-1 to the parathyroid membranes obtained from patients with hyperparathyroidism (2 adenomas, 2 hyperplasias) revealed that ET-1 competitively inhibited the binding of [125I]ET-1 to the membranes (the apparent Kd: 62 +/- 18 pM), whereas ET-3 showed biphasic and less steep inhibition curve than ET-1 in all tissue membranes examined. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from the parathyroid adenoma clearly demonstrated gene expression of both ETA and ETB receptors as well as preproET-1. ET-1 inhibited basal PTH secretion from dispersed adenoma cells more potently than ET-3. The present study clearly demonstrates the presence of both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes in human parathyroid tissues through which ETs may modulate PTH secretion in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner.     

Activation of phospholipase C by the agonist U46619 is inhibited by cromakalim-induced hyperpolarization in porcine coronary artery.

We measured inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and force of contraction induced by a thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 in porcine coronary artery to elucidate the relaxant effect of a K+ channel opener cromakalim. Cromakalim (10 microM) significantly inhibited the production of IP3, Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and contraction induced by 300 nM U46619. The inhibitory effect of cromakalim on IP3 was blocked by a K+ channel blocker tetrabutylammonium (TBA, 3 mM) and counteracted by 20 mM KCl-induced depolarization. These results suggest that the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane by cromakalim inhibits the activation of phospholipase via the stimulation of the thromboxane A2 receptor to result in vasodilation.     

Role of acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin in the acid response to intracisternal injection of TRH analog, RX 77368, in the rat

The role of gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine in the acid response to central vagal activation induced by intracisternal injection of the stable analog, RX 77368, was further investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with gastric fistula. The gastrin monoclonal antibody 28-2 injected intravenously, at a dose previously shown to prevent gastrin-induced stimulation of acid secretion, did not alter the peak acid response to intracisternal injection of RX 77368 (15 ng). The TRH analog (30 ng) injected into the cisterna magna increased levels of histamine measured in the hepatic portal blood. Cimetidine administered at a dose which completely blocked the stimulation of gastric acid secretion produced by intravenous infusion of histamine, inhibited by 62% the stimulatory effect of intracisternal RX 77368 (30 ng). The M1 muscarinic antagonist, pirenzepine, completely prevented the acid secretion induced by intracisternal RX 77368 (30 ng). These results indicate that the acid response to central vagal activation by the TRH analog in rats involved M1 muscarinic receptors along with histamine release acting on H2 histaminergic receptors whereas gastrin does not appear to play an important role.     

SFA-1, a novel cellular gene induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily.

A novel cellular gene termed SFA-1 was isolated by differential hybridization of a cDNA library, using probes obtained from an adult T-cell leukemia cell line in comparison with probes obtained from normal CD4+ T cells and the MOLT-4 cell line. The mRNA of the SFA-1 gene is approximately 1.6 kb in size and encodes a protein of 253 amino acids, containing four putative transmembrane domains, a number of cysteine residues, and one potential N-glycosylation site in a major hydrophilic region between the third and fourth transmembrane domains. Expression of the SFA-1 gene was either absent or present at a low level in lymphoid cells but was up-regulated after transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and transactivated by Tax. SFA-1 was broadly expressed in many human cell types and conserved in different species. Computer-aided comparison showed that SFA-1 had significant sequence homology and common structural features with members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. SFA-1 antigen was detected as a 29-kDa membrane protein by immunoblotting, using anti-SFA-1 monoclonal antibody.     

Comparison of muscle force,muscle endurance,and electromyogram activity during an expedition at high altitude

Handgrip force (HF), maximal pinch force (MF), muscle endurance (ME), and the median power frequency (MdPF) of the activity shown in the electromyogram (EMG) were studied at various altitudes in eight normal healthy subjects. MF and ME were measured between the index finger and thumb, and all measurements were obtained at altitudes ranging from 610 to 4860 m during an expedition in the Qinghai Plateau in China. With the change in altitude HF, ME, and MF showed no significant change. Compared to the MdPF at 2260 m on ascent, the MdPF at other altitudes showed a significant decrease (P<0.01). Thus, we conclude that muscle performance (HF, MF, and ME) was not affected by the environment at high altitude. However, MdPF was affected and the mean MdPF at 610 m after the expedition did not recover to initial values of MdPF. We suggest these results may have been affected by fatigue and chronic exposure to the hypobaric hypoxic environment, since the members of the expedition party expressed feelings of sluggishness and fatigue after the expedition.     

Filial cannibalism by mouthbrooding males of the cardinal fish,Apogon doederleini, in relation to their physical condition

Synopsis Paternal brood cannibalism was observed in a population ofApogon doederleini in Shikoku Island, Japan. Of 361 egg masses mouthbrooded by males, 47 disappeared within a day of spawning. A stomach check with a syringe ascertained that they had been consumed by the males. The frequency of this cannibalism increased as the breeding season advanced. As males completed 4–7 breeding cycles in a breeding season and spent 80% of the time mouthbrooding without taking ordinary food, their physical condition deteriorated greatly late in the breeding season. We concluded that parental physical condition is an important factor in the occurrence of brood cannibalism.     

Interspecific brood-mixing in Tanganyikan cichlids

Synopsis We collected schools of young, guarded by parents, of six common cichlid species to investigate the frequency and origin of interspecific brood-mixing. The main host species were a piscivore Lepidiolamprologus elongatus and a scale-eater Perissodus microlepis; more than half of their schools included heterospecific young, accounting for 20–40% of the total young. Most of the foreign young belonged to four biparental mouth-brooders whose parents have a habit of carrying their young in their mouths. Many of these young were smaller than the largest young brooded by their own parents. We concluded that adoption of young before independence results from farming-out, a behavior by which parents actively transfer their young to foster parents.     

Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human DNA helicase Q1 which has homology to Escherichia coli Rec Q helicase and localization of the gene at chromosome 12p12.

A complementary DNA encoding DNA-dependent ATPase Q1 possessing DNA helicase activity, which is the major DNA-dependent ATPase in human cell extracts, was cloned from a cDNA library of human KB cells. The predicted amino acid sequence has seven consecutive motifs conserved in the RNA and DNA helicase super family and DNA helicase Q1 belongs to DEXH helicase family. A homology search indicated that helicase Q1 had 47% homology in the seven conserved regions with Escherichia coli RecQ protein. Three RNA bands of 4.0, 3.3, and 2.2 kilobases were detected in HeLa cells by Northern blotting. Analysis of the genomic DNA indicated the presence of a homologous gene in mouse cells. The DNA helicase Q1 gene was localized on the short arm of human chromosome 12 at 12p12.